Scientists have discovered underlying genetic cause of DKC

Some positive news has come out of the Queen Mary University of London this month.  Scientists have discovered the underlying genetic cause of Dyskeratosis Congenita (DKC).

Published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, the researchers used the latest genetic sequencing methods to study 31 children with the disease and discovered a defect in the biological process known as deadenylation. This is the routine breakdown and recycling of the body’s messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) – the molecules which transcribe instructions from DNA to make proteins.

This is the first time a defect in the deadenylation process, controlled by the poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (PARN) gene, has been found to cause a genetic disease. Until now, scientists have believed that DC is caused by defective telomere maintenance (the caps of chromosomes that shorten with age). However, this research has shown that in some of these cases it’s the deadenylation deficiency which impacts the telomere maintenance, thereby causing the condition.

Source: Read more

The bottom line, is that these new finding should lead us very quickly to identifying the condition “definitively” in patients.  Up until now, they have had several indicators, along with a broad set of symptoms, that has led them to be “fairly confident” that someone might have DKC.  With these new findings, testing will be more direct, and will lead to a definitive yes or no answer as to whether a patient has DKC or not.

To Beth and I, this isn’t hugely impactful – today.  But it is our hope that knowing the underlying condition with precision, will allow researchers to focus there efforts on curing this underlying condition.  And to us, that represents the best hope so far in finding a cure.

As a side note, for those of you eager to share the excitement directly with the authors, they have put together this short video of their findings and their methodology.  Needless to say, it requires a lot of understanding of the underlying medical conditions and terminology to fully comprehend – but I think you can pick up on the giddy excitement and joy of the findings regardless.

Yes, Connor, there is a Santa Clause…

This year we decided to have a non-traditional Christmas.  Forget the Christmas tree, forget the big turkey dinner… In fact, forget having it at home altogether. No, this year was very “antiseptic chic”, and was a mixed blessing.  That said, we hope this is the first and last time we do Christmas this way.

While I suggest that “we” chose this year’s method of celebration, in reality it was DKC that made all the choices for us.  It started on Dec 22nd, when young Clark woke up at 10pm, cranky and sweaty.  His temperature was 102 degrees.  This, by default, always means a call to our BMT specialists and a subsequent trip to the local emergency room.

After a painful (but typical) “all nighter” in the emergency room, we were sent home and told to wait for a call about the blood culture they had pulled from Clark.  Sure enough, 24 hours later, we got a call saying that Clark had Gram Negative Rods in his blood and that we would need to be admitted to the hospital. So at 7am on Dec 24th, we packed our bags, and headed out to UCSF to enjoy our “modern minimalist” Christmas.

If this sounds at all familiar, it is because this is the second time Clark has had a blood infection.  And just like last time, he had Gram Negative Rods as well.  So we knew the drill, and we knew our stay would easily be 3-4 days.

But as I suggested, the trip was really a mixed blessing.  UCSF definitely made the best of a terrible situation (Thank you UCSF!), and in fact, there was also some silver linings…

The bad news, was that we had to spend Christmas Eve, Christmas Day, and Boxing day in the hospital.  And, there is no denying it, it sucked.  Trapped inside a hospital room, with 2 little high-energy boys, was a disaster in the making.

But there was some good news as well.  The hospital was kind enough to let us all stay together.  In the past, other hospitals have not allowed children under the age of 12 to stay overnight.  But UCSF has no such rule, and for that, we thank them!

As well, since we had to stay over Christmas, everyone was super, incredibly, patient and kind to us.  It was really nice how everyone working those days tried so hard to make our stay comfortable and (as much as possible) enjoyable – especially since each and every one of them were also sacrificing time with their own loved ones and family.

Finally, if there was ever a chance to show our budding 4 year old that indeed there is a Santa Clause, it happened during our stay.

Bright and early on Christmas day, Connor awoke from the couch he and I were sharing.  I asked him what was wrong.  He ignored me, climbed over my crumpled body and jumped to the ground. He then walked over and opened the bathroom door.  I asked him if he had to go to the bathroom, and he said “no”.  So I asked him what he was doing?  He said, “I’m looking for the presents Santa left”.

This was a bit of a shock.  Beth and I were not prepared to give them gifts.  There simply wasn’t time to wrap and pack them, and we had thought we would just re-do Christmas after we were discharged.  But somehow – the true calendar day had not escaped our 4 year old child prodigy. He knew December 25th had arrived, and he knew Santa Clause should have left gifts.

_DSC1777I was startled, and I looked over at Beth for an answer.  But she just smiled, and told Connor to look in the chair near the door.  And this readers, made me a true believer as well.  In the chair beside the door sat 2 huge cloth bags.  One with a tag saying “Connor” and one with a tag saying “Clark”.  And sure enough, they were filled with wonderful books, puzzles and toys for both boys.  Santa had found them, even in their 7th floor hospital room!!  Connor was, how to say this… ecstatic.

As it turns out, the Child Life staff at UCSF were prepared for just such an event, and they put together bags of toys for all the children having to be hospitalized over Christmas Day.  Beth and I were so thankful.  UCSF, once again, had not failed us nor our boys.  What a wonderful surprise.  Thank you so much UCSF!

Santa Clause had remembered the boys, but what about Beth and I?  Surprisingly, Santa didn’t forget about us either.  We got our gift a couple hours before the kids did, at 12:30am Christmas morning.  At just after midnight, the UCSF Operating team removed Clark’s broviac.  The reasons had to do with the possibility it was harboring his blood infection, but whatever the reason, we were glad to see it go.  _DSC1820 After over 9 months of flushes, cap changes, bandage changes, etc…, we could not have asked for a greater “gift”.  And our little boy’s cherub like stomach is once again free of any medical technology.  It is like he is a normal little boy, capable of “real” baths, wrestling, and jumping in puddles.  This really was a wonderful gift, and for that – we are thankful for our non-traditional Christmas.

BMT: Isolation (Day +25)

Wow – we’ve had an absolute flurry of activity over the last 4 days… The biggest news is that Clark has been released from UCSF, and we are all at home now.

It is great news, but it required us to “sterilize” the apartment.  This included steam cleaning all the carpets, washing all the fixtures and walls, and scrubbing all the toys in the house.  It was a long 2 days of preparation.

We are still in a state of isolation at home, but the rules are a little more relaxed than at the hospital.  We are allowed to have the windows open for fresh air, but we have to dust regularly.  As well, we can have people over (in small groups) as long as they are confident they are not sick, have not had a live vaccine in the last 4 weeks, or have not been exposed to anyone with chicken pox in the last 2 weeks.  As well, we cannot take Clark anywhere out in crowds or in public enclosed spaces (malls, restaurants, etc…).  All of this will continue until we see the return of Clark’s T cells and B cells.

DSC09579Finally, we still have 12 medicines Clark is on, that require a strict schedule of delivery.  It seems like Beth is constantly giving Clark medicines throughout the day.

One small downside of being home is that we don’t get to see Clark’s “numbers” every day.  Instead, we will do blood draws twice a week (Monday & Thursday) for the lab.  Beth and I are a little addicted to seeing these numbers on a daily basis, and we’re going through a little withdrawal not knowing how he is progressing.   On the plus side, we’re hoping for more dramatic change between reports!

Regardless, both boys seem much happier being together.  They are having fun running around and chasing each other and being spoiled by Granmom.  They also really like being able to see both Mom and Dad together at home on a regular basis.

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BMT: Isolation (Day +17)

So, as it turns out, there are a couple reasons why the doctors aren’t as “excited” as we are at the rising ANC numbers.

From our perspective, we assumed going from 0 ANC to 400 ANC (today’s reading), meant that the bone marrow cells must have taken root and were growing and producing white blood cells and neutrophils.

But this isn’t quite true.  At least, it isn’t the only scenario!

First… It is possible the body’s “old” bone marrow is the one growing and producing the ANC we are seeing.  In which case, we’ll get to a number somewhere between 400 and 600, and it won’t go any higher.  We’re looking forward to ANC counts well above 1000, and maybe approaching 1500 to 2000 (on a regular basis).

Second… We assumed the new marrow must be in and growing, and that the risk of rejection had past.  But not necessarily true again. Bone marrow rejection can occur many months after it has been given. A sensitive DNA test known as the chimera test will be done at the 30 day mark to see if the transplanted bone marrow has taken root, and is in fact producing it’s own blood cells.

Just when you think you understand this process – it gets more complicated!

DSC09288Clark got some time with Grandmom today, while Connor was able to spend time with Mom and Dad.  We were very lucky to be able to both be out of the hospital at the same time, and spend time with Connor.

Beth started by walking Connor through Golden Gate Park, and when Dad caught up, the three of us went to the California Academy of Science together.  The Academy of Science is just down the road from UCSF, and we can walk there in literally 10 minutes.  While the entire visit was under 2 hours, it felt like a whole day of fun.

T-Rex at the California Academy of Science

This was my first visit, so I have to take a second to note how amazing and awesome the Cal Academy of Science is.  It is a zoo, rain forest, museum, aquarium and planetarium – all wrapped into one building!  On top of this, they have a ton of educational presentations and special events.  If you can’t learn something new every time you walk into this building, then you don’t have a pulse.

DSC09313On this particular visit, we spent time downstairs in the aquarium side of the building.  They literally have multiple walls of fish, lit up with UV.  The fish look amazing.  Connor’s eyes were so wide, I was worried they might fall out of his head.

Upstairs, they have a swamp exhibit where we got a chance to see an alligator up close.  But not any alligator, an albino alligator.  Yes, it is real.  And yes, it is white.  Double wow.DSC09324

BMT: Aplastic (Day +11)

Clark continues to eat and drink in great quantities, and isn’t showing any signs of mucisitis.  His numbers are at rock bottom and he is susceptible to just about anything, so we are just very lucky that he is in great spirits, eating, and not losing any hair!  In fact, his weight just returned to his admittance weight.  Go Clark!

Clark had a fun day with Grandmom and Daddy today.  Grandmom came out to see Clark while Connor spent the day with Beth.  Clark played on the bed, work on puzzles and had books read to him.  He was delighted to have a change of pace and someone new to play with.

IMG_0026Beth and Connor spent some extra special time together today.  The UCSF Benihoff Children’s hospital is 3 blocks from Golden Gate park.  And it is only a 20 minute walk to a lot of the attractions for kids that are in the park.

Today, Connor got to ride on the Carousel, and visit the California Academy of Science.

The Academy is a “hands-on” museum with tons of exhibits for all ages.  They have some pretty cool attractions.  One of cooler ones is the “shake house“!  This is a simulator that lets you feel what 2 historical earthquakes feel like.  The two earthquakes it simulates are the 1989 Loma Prieta (6.9 on the Richter scale), and the great San Francisco earthquake of 1906 (7.9 on the Richter scale).   After our 6.0 Earthquake in Napa Valley a week ago, Connor has been very interested in earthquakes.

This visit to the Academy was especially exciting for Connor.  He has been persistently asking his Mom and Dad for an opportunity to see dinosaur bones.  Sure enough, as soon as they walked in the door, what to Connor’s wondering eyes should appear?

Dinosaur bones!!
Dinosaur bones!!

A full size tyrannosaurs Rex skeleton!  His facial expression says it all:

Happiest.
Boy.
On.
Earth.

Project Steady-Track

Knowing that Clark had a long, long, looooong time to spend in his crib in the hospital, Connor, Grandmom and I set out to create a portable wooden train track that Clark could easily use in his crib or on the floor. The goal was to create a track that was easily portable, would work on any surface, and was also fixed so the track wouldn’t come apart.

We started with a simple loop, and if we had success with that, we decided we would look at creating slightly larger and more interesting designs.

I went down to home depot, and found a 1/4 inch plywood board that we cut down to 18.5 inches square. We had taken some measurements and knew this would fit a standard wooden train loop perfectly.

Connor genuinely loved painting the board for Clark.
Connor genuinely loved painting the board for Clark.

Grandmom and Connor then painted the front and back of the board with emerald green semi-gloss paint.  We chose a water-based paint with a semi-gloss finish as this seemed the least toxic and the most resilient to cleaning with bleach cloths.

At this point, the board has been finished gluing and the clamps are holding the track in place until it dries.
At this point, the board has been finished gluing and the clamps are holding the track in place until it dries.

Before gluing, we placed the loop on the board and used clamps to hold the layout in place.  This ensured the loop was centered and connected properly. We then went around the loop gluing one piece at a time.  After giving the glued track 24 hours to dry, we applied silicone grouting around all the edges of the track and between each of the track segments.  The goal here was to seal the cracks to avoid trapping liquid from water or food.  Again, making it easy to keep clean and keep bacteria free!

Even though the paint dried in an hour or two, we gave the board a couple days to have the paint cure before giving it to Clark.  This was a little precautionary due to the possibility of fumes continuing to come from the paint and also to ensure the board was cured enough to be wiped down with bleach cloths.  It would be a disaster if we wiped the board down and the paint came off!!

Connor laboriously tests the track to ensure it worked well for Clark.
Connor laboriously tests the track to ensure it worked well for Clark.

Then the most important part.  Connor was tasked with testing the quality of the loop to ensure the trains ran smoothly around the track.  He ran 3 different engines around the track, both forward and reverse, and then physically turned the trains around, and proceeded to test again both forward and reverse motion.  This testing regime was all his idea, and he insisted on it even after I suggested he had done enough.  Needless to say, I was extremely impressed with his thoroughness.

When I finally brought the track in for Clark, his reaction was unbridled excitement and energy.  Upon getting the board, he immediately starting pointing and grunting, effectively asking for the trains that accompany the track.  He then proceeded to play with it for the next couple hours straight.  Laughter and good times ensued.

I think we can call this a success.  Enjoy the train track, Clark!  Daddy, Connor and  Grandmom love you!

BMT: Transplant (Day 0)

Happy New Birthday Clark!

This marks Clark’s official second birthday.  Coincidentally, it is also Patrick’s birthday!  Happy Birthday Patrick!

Happy Second Birthday
Clark celebrating his second birthday after the transplant.

The actual transplant was pretty straightforward.  They gave him some pre-meds (Benadryl, cortisone and Tylenol) to help manage any allergic reactions, and then intravenously pushed in the donated bone marrow over a 2 hour period.  Clark did amazingly well.  The Benadryl made him drowsy, so he was asleep the entire time.  The really good news was that he didn’t get a fever or show any signs of an allergic reaction.

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Clark sleeping through the transplant process. If you look closely, you can see the red line containing marrow.

I won’t say the process was stress free, as we were told that the bone marrow donor was a different blood type (ABO) and a different RH (-/+).  These two together represented a small (but higher) risk of allergic reaction.  So the nurses and doctors were in the room the entire 2 hours, taking temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure every 5 minutes.  Yes, every 5 minutes.

During the 2 hours of the transplant, we had time to talk to the doctor about what the process to extract and deliver the bone marrow is like.  It is a pretty amazing story.

There are several steps leading up to the donation of bone marrow where they check, and then double check they have a good candidate.  But we were really interested in hearing what happens from the extraction to when it arrived in the syringe for implant.  Especially since we were aware this donation came all the way from Europe!

Each pull gets 10ml of liquid.  For Clark, 500ml was required.
Each pull gets 10ml of liquid. For Clark, 500ml was required.

The extraction process starts 14 hours before Clark’s transplant, where the patient is admitted to the hospital and prepped for surgery.  After prep, they are then taken into surgery and put under general anesthesia.  This is because the process of extraction is somewhat intrusive.  A needle is pushed into the lower back (if you have back dimples, this is exactly where they enter) and about 10ml of liquid is extracted.  Then the needle is pulled out, and re-inserted into the same place, but at a different angle.  They repeat this until they get enough liquid.  The amount depends on the size of the recipient, but in Clark’s case, they extracted about 500ml.  this means the donor had approximately 50 insertions.  Most likely 25 on each side of the pelvic bone.

After the liquid is pulled, some quick tests are done to ensure they have pulled enough stem cells, and then all of the extracted liquid is thrown into a cooler.  There are cases where the liquid has to travel longer, in which case a preservative is added and the liquid is frozen.  In our case, because Europe is only 10 hours away, no freezing is required. They just need to keep it at room temperature the entire way.

The cooler is then handed to a volunteer delivery person, who immediately jumps in a cab and goes to the airport.  The “courier” will have 2 tickets for flights to the destination city via 2 different airlines.  This is done just in case a flight is delayed or cancelled.  The bone marrow is carried by the courier the entire way, and they are not allowed to store it in checked baggage nor do they allow it to go through scanners.  This can be very stressful for the person charged with carrying the marrow.  The upside is that the volunteer gets a free flight to the destination city, and usually books some extra days of vacation before they return.

When they arrive in San Francisco, they immediately jump in a cab and drive to UCSF.  The UCSF lab receives the marrow and starts to process it further.  In our case, the bone marrow donor had a different blood type than Clark, and the lab needed to remove red blood cells before transplanting.  Due to time constraints, they can only do one pass of this process, which did leave a small risk of allergic reaction because of the residual blood cells.

Finally, the remaining liquid is loaded into an oversized syringe, and brought up to Clark’s room for transplant.  It is then placed into a drip line on his broviac, and administered.

A wild ride, all timed out and executed perfectly.

Another interesting fact we learned today, is that Clark will actually have 2 blood types.  More likely than not, the donor marrow will only constitute 80-90% of Clark’s bone marrow.  The other 10-20% will be his original marrow.  Both marrows will continue to produce their respective blood types.  This is actually considered a good thing, and will greatly help reduce the chance of Graft-vs-Host-Disease.  If the bone marrow were completely empty, and then the donor marrow took root (and was 100% of Clark’s bone marrow), this would almost guarantee GvHD. Having a tiny bit of the original marrow acts as a cushion, dramatically reducing the chance of GvHD.  Now, why not aim for 50-50% of old and new marrow?  Because the body will most likely just reject the new marrow.  It is a balancing game that is almost all science, but also a little art.

We are both blown away by the process, and in awe of the donor who went through this with us.  Thank you again to our generous and kind donor who gave their marrow for Clark.  We are very, very grateful for your donation.  Thank you!!

Thank you! Thank you! A million times – thank you!

We are following a blog about another young Canadian girl (Nadia) who is afflicted with DKC that is also having to go through blood, platelet, and bone marrow transplants. While reading about Nadia (nadiasquest.ca), I noticed that her parents thanked their donors every time they received blood, platelets, etc…  This enthusiasm to continuously thank the donation community really struck a cord with me.  Why hadn’t Beth and I been so generous in our thanks for these donations?  We certainly are very grateful!

In thinking this over, it occurred to me that in the current healthcare system, there is massive disconnect between those who give and those who receive.  This is done to provide security and privacy for both the givers and the receivers.  On a day-to-day basis, it is very hard to recognize that the blood or platelets being given to Clark are from a real human being (that took time out of their day to draw blood or platelets) and from an organization dedicated to collecting, testing and treating the product once they get it.  It’s a massive engine of activity to get product for Clark that appears to simply come from a closet in the back of the hospital.

So, having been reminded of this, I wanted to issue some long overdue thank yous.

First and foremost, to the blood and platelet donors.  Thank you very much for taking time out of your busy day to make it to a clinic and donate.  Clark would not have survived this long without your help.  Your effort, has literally, saved the life of our young boy.  Thank you!!!

Secondly, to our bone marrow donor (currently only known to us as a “European” donor).  Thank you so much for being willing to go through the process and procedures required to give bone marrow.  We are very aware how disruptive, time consuming, and (in some cases) how painful it can be to give bone marrow.  Thank you so very much for your willingness to go through this procedure.  You are saving the length and quality of life for our young boy.  He would not be able to live and thrive without you.  Thank you!!

Third, to our doctors and nursing staff who literally number somewhere between 40-50 people.  To the doctors who have been patient with our questions and diligent on finding the correct diagnosis, thank you!!  To the nurses who have made our hospital stays comfortable and have been patient with all the questions and needs of both of our sons, thank you so very much!!

Fourth, to my mother.  Thank you for being willing to put your life on hold while Beth and I go through this painful process.  Without you, Beth and I wouldn’t be able to survive as a couple.  You have made it possible to both spend time with one another, and spend time with Clark and Connor.  We would not have been able to get this far (much less through the coming BMT) without you.  Thank you so much!!

Fifth, to Connor.  I know times are tough right now, and you don’t get to see mom and dad as much as you used to.  We are so sorry that we don’t get to see you while we are in the hospital with Clark, but your positive attitude and willingness to work with the current situation is very impressive to us.  Thank you for never complaining about mom and dad having to leave, and thank you for being so overjoyed to see us when we are able to make it home.  We love you so much, and will do our very best to make it up to you the best we can.  Thank you!!

Finally, to our extended friends and family who have given us financial and emotional support.  Beth and I could never have imagined life taking a turn like this, and we continue to be amazed at the outpouring of support and willingness to jump in and help.  And we can use all of it.  Thank you so much for all your help and your kind and positive thoughts!!

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Thank you!!

While we expect to have a steady stream of very specific appreciations as this process goes forward, it will be impossible to thank everyone, so know these efforts are far from exhaustive.

And just in case – thank you to anyone we may have missed!! Clark as well as Beth and I, are eternally grateful to everything you have done.

One is great, so two must be better!

In preparation for Clark’s BMT this Monday, we needed to have his single line broviac removed and replaced with a double line version.  The double lumen broviac is ideal for placing medicine (or in this case chemo) at the same time as pulling blood samples.  Single line would require switching lines and flushing between pushing and pulling liquids.

As with every surgery Clark has had (this was his 4th so far), we are always nervous about putting him under the knife.  Luckily all went well, and he is recovering nicely. Clark didn’t appear to be in any pain, until lunch came.  He must have been starving as he completely devoured all of his food, and then ate some of Beth’s.

We are scheduled to remain at Kaiser hospital until Sunday, and then transfer directly to UCSF for the start of the BMT.